Alcohols

Alcohols - Monohydric

• IUPAC nomenclature - Monohydric alcohols
• Alcohols - Monohydric - Isomerism
• Alcohols - Preparation - General methods
• Alcohols - Preparation - Industrial method
• Alcohols - Properties - Physical
• Alcohols - Properties - Chemical
• Ethyl alcohol

Alcohols - Dihydric

• Ethylene glycol

Alcohols - Trihydric

• Glycerol

Alcohols - Aromatic

• Benzyl alcohol
• Phenol

Alcohols - Comparative study

• Alcohols - Distinction - Primary, secondary and tertiary
• Alcohols - Distinction - Aliphatic and aromatic

Aldehydes

Formaldehyde

• Formaldehyde - Preparation - From methane
• Formaldehyde - Preparation - From calcium formate
• Formaldehyde - Preparation - From methanol
• Formaldehyde - Preparation - Laboratory method
• Formaldehyde - Preparation - Industrial method
• Formaldehyde - Properties - Physical
• Formaldehyde - Reactions - Based on the reducing property
• Formaldehyde - Reactions - Nucleophilic addition
• Formaldehyde - Reactions - Condensation reactions
• Formaldehyde - Reactions - Miscellaneous reactions
• Formaldehyde - Uses

Acetaldehyde

• Acetaldehyde - Preparation - From calcium acetate
• Acetaldehyde - Preparation - From dehydrogenation of ethanol
• Acetaldehyde - Preparation - By reduction of acetyl chloride
• Acetaldehyde - Preparation - From ethene
• Acetaldehyde - Preparation - From acetylene
• Acetaldehyde - Preparation - Laboratory method
• Acetaldehyde - Preparation - From dihalides
• Acetaldehyde - Preparation - From Grignard reagent
• Acetaldehyde - Preparation - By ozonolysis
• Acetaldehyde - Properties - Physical
• Acetaldehyde - Reactions - Based on the reducing property
• Acetaldehyde - Reactions - Nucleophilic addition
• Acetaldehyde - Reactions - Condensation reactions
• Acetaldehyde - Reactions - Miscellaneous reactions
• Acetaldehyde - Reactions - Comparison with formaldehyde
• Acetaldehyde - Uses

Benzaldehyde

• Benzaldehyde - Preparation - From calcium benzoate
• Benzaldehyde - Preparation - By dehydrogenation of benzyl alcohol
• Benzaldehyde - Preparation - By reduction of benzoyl chloride
• Benzaldehyde - Preparation - From toluene
• Benzaldehyde - Preparation - Industrial methods
• Benzaldehyde - Preparation - Laboratory method
• Benzaldehyde - Properties - Physical
• Benzaldehyde - Reactions - Similar to aliphatic aldehydes
• Benzaldehyde - Reactions - Nucleophilic addition
• Benzaldehyde - Reactions - Condensation reactions
• Benzaldehyde - Reactions - Miscellaneous reactions
• Benzaldehyde - Reactions - Different from aliphatic aldehydes
• Benzaldehyde - Reactions - Special
• Benzaldehyde - Reactions - Due to aromatic nature
• Aldehydes - Tests
• Benzaldehyde - Uses

Aldehydes - Comparative study

• Aldehydes - IUPAC nomenclature
• Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde - Distinction
• Acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde - Distinction

Ketones

Acetone

• Acetone - Preparation - From isopropyl alcohol
• Acetone - Preparation - From acetic acid
• Acetone - Preparation - From ethanol
• Acetone - Preparation - By dry distillation of calcium acetate
• Acetone - Preparation - By hydrolysis of dihalides
• Acetone - Preparation - From Grignard reagent
• Acetone - Preparation - By hydration of propyne
• Acetone - Preparation - By ozonolysis
• Acetone - Preparation - By Wacker's method
• Acetone - Properties - Physical
• Acetone - Reactions - Oxidation reaction
• Acetone - Reactions - Reduction reactions
• Acetone - Reactions - With phosphorus pentachloride
• Acetone - Reactions - Addition reactions
• Acetone - Reactions - Condensation reactions
• Acetone - Reactions - With chlorine
• Acetone - Reactions - With bleaching powder
• Acetone - Tests
• Acetone - Uses

Acetophenone

• Acetophenone - Preparation - From calcium acetate
• Acetophenone - Preparation - From ethyl benzene
• Acetophenone - Preparation - Laboratory method
• Acetophenone - Properties - Physical
• Acetophenone - Reactions - Reduction reactions
• Acetophenone - Reactions - Oxidation reaction
• Acetophenone - Reactions - Addition reactions
• Acetophenone - Reactions - Condensation reactions
• Acetophenone - Reactions - Due to benzene ring
• Acetophenone - Uses
• Acetone and acetophenone - Distinction

Ketones and aldehydes - Comparative study

• Ketones - IUPAC nomenclature
• Condensation and polymerization - Distinction
• Acetone and acetaldehyde - Distinction
• Benzaldehyde and acetophenone - Distinction

Acids

Formic acid

• Formic acid - Preparation - By oxidation of methanol
• Formic acid - Preparation - From hydrogen cyanide
• Formic acid - Preparation - From carbon monoxide
• Formic acid - Preparation - Laboratory method
• Formic acid - Properties - Physical
• Formic acid - Reactions - Due to hydrogen of carboxyl group
• Formic acid - Reactions - Due to hydroxyl group of carboxyl group
• Formic acid - Reactions - Due to carboxyl group
• Formic acid - Reactions - Due to aldehyde group
• Formic acid - Uses

Acetic acid

• Acetic acid - Preparation - From ethanol or ethanal
• Acetic acid - Preparation - From methyl cyanide
• Acetic acid - Preparation - From ethanol by fermentation
• Acetic acid - Preparation - Laboratory method
• Acetic acid - Preparation - From ester
• Acetic acid - Preparation - From Grignard reagent
• Acetic acid - Properties - Physical
• Acetic acid - Reactions - Due to hydrogen of carboxyl group
• Acetic acid - Reactions - Due to hydroxyl group of carboxyl group
• Acetic acid - Reactions - Due to carboxyl group
• Acetic acid - Reactions - Due to alkyl group
• Acetic acid - Reactions - On certain acetates
• Acetic acid - Uses

Benzoic acid

• Benzoic acid - Preparation - From benzaldehyde
• Benzoic acid - Preparation - From benzyl compounds
• Benzoic acid - Preparation - From benzene
• Benzoic acid - Preparation - From toluene
• Benzoic acid - Preparation - Laboratory method
• Benzoic acid - Properties - Physical
• Benzoic acid - Reactions - Acidic nature
• Benzoic acid - Reactions - Esterification reaction
• Benzoic acid - Reactions - With phosphorus pentachloride
• Benzoic acid - Reactions - With ammonia
• Benzoic acid - Reactions - Decarboxylation reaction
• Benzoic acid - Reactions - Due to benzene ring
• Benzoic acid - Uses

Salicylic acid

• Salicylic acid - Preparation - By Reimer-Tiemann reaction
• Salicylic acid - Preparation - By Kolbe's reaction
• Salicylic acid - Properties - Physical
• Salicylic acid - Reactions - Due to carboxylic group
• Salicylic acid - Reactions - Due to phenolic group
• Salicylic acid - Uses

Acids, alcohols, ketones and aldehydes - Comparison

• Organic acids - IUPAC nomenclature
• Formic and acetic acid - Distinction
• Salicylic acid and benzoic acid - Distinction
• Salicylic acid and phenol - Distinction
• Acetic acid, acetaldehyde and acetone - Distinction

Acid derivatives

• Important reactions
• General principles

Esters

Ethyl acetate

• Ethyl acetate - Preparation - From ethanol
• Ethyl acetate - Preparation - From ethyl halide
• Ethyl acetate - Preparation - Laboratory method
• Ethyl acetate - Properties - Physical
• Ethyl acetate - Reactions - Hydrolysis reaction
• Ethyl acetate - Reactions - Saponification reaction
• Ethyl acetate - Reactions - Reduction reactions
• Ethyl acetate - Reactions - With phosphorus pentachloride
• Ethyl acetate - Reactions - With ammonia
• Ethyl acetate - Reactions - With alcohols
• Ethyl acetate - Reactions - Claisen condensation reaction
• Ethyl acetate - Uses

Ethyl benzoate

• Ethyl benzoate - Preparation - From ethanol
• Ethyl benzoate - Preparation - Laboratory method
• Ethyl benzoate - Properties - Physical
• Ethyl benzoate - Reactions - Hydrolysis reaction
• Ethyl benzoate - Reactions - Saponification reaction
• Ethyl benzoate - Reactions - Reduction reactions
• Ethyl benzoate - Reactions - With phosphorus pentachloride
• Ethyl benzoate - Reactions - Ammonolysis reaction
• Ethyl benzoate - Reactions - Aromatic substitution reaction
• Ethyl benzoate - Uses
• Ethyl acetate and ethyl benzoate - Distinction

Ethers

Diethyl ether

• Diethyl ether - Preparation - From ethyl alcohol
• Diethyl ether - Preparation - Williamson's synthesis
• Diethyl ether - Preparation - From Grignard reagent
• Diethyl ether - Preparation - From silver oxide
• Diethyl ether - Properties - Physical
• Diethyl ether - Reactions - Due to alkyl group
• Diethyl ether - Reactions - Due to ethereal oxygen
• Diethyl ether - Reactions - Due to C-O-C linkage
• Diethyl ether - Uses

Anisole

• Anisole - Preparation - Williamson's synthesis
• Anisole - Properties - Physical
• Anisole - Reactions - With hydrogen iodide
• Anisole - Reactions - Nitration
• Anisole - Bromination
• Anisole - Uses
• Ethers - Aliphatic and aromatic - Distinction

Amines

Methylamine

• Methylamine - Preparation - From methyl halides
• Methylamine - Preparation - From nitromethane
• Methylamine - Preparation - From methanol
• Methylamine - Preparation - From cyanides
• methylamine - Synthesis - From amino acids
• Methylamine - Synthesis - Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
• Methylamine - Synthesis - Hoffmann bromamide method
• Methylamine - Preparation - By reduction of amides
• Methylamine - Preparation - By reduction of oximes
• Methylamine - Preparation - By reductive amination
• Methylamine - Properties - Physical
• Methylamine - Basic nature
• Methylamine - Reactions - With nitrous acid
• Methylamine - Reactions - Carbylamine reaction
• Methylamine - Reactions - With carbon disulphide
• Methylamine - Reactions - With metal ions
• Methylamine - Reactions - With aldehydes
• Methylamine - Reactions - Oxidation reaction
• Methylamine - Reactions - With Grignard reagent
• Methylamine - Reactions - With benzoyl chloride
• Amines - Tests
• Methylamine - Uses

Aniline

• Aniline - Preparation - From phenol
• Aniline - Preparation - By Hoffmann bromamide reaction
• Aniline - Preparation - From chlorobenzene
• Aniline - Preparation - From nitrobenzene
• Aniline - Preparation - Laboratory method
• Aniline - Preparation - Schmidt reaction
• Aniline - Preparation - From benzamide
• Aniline - Properties - Physical
• Aniline - Basic nature
• Aniline - Reactions - With active metals
• Aniline - Reactions - With alkyl halides
• Aniline - Reactions - With acetyl chloride
• Aniline - Reactions - Condensation with aromatic aldehyde
• Aniline - Reactions - Carbylamine reaction
• Aniline - Reactions - Diazotization reaction
• Aniline - Reactions - Oxidation reaction
• Aniline - Reactions - Coupling reaction
• Aniline - Reactions - With phosgene
• Aniline - Reactions - With carbon disulphide
• Aniline - Reactions - Electrophilic substitution reactions
• Aniline - Uses

Amines - Comparative study

• Amines - Primary, secondary and tertiary - Distinction
• Amines - Aromatic and aliphatic - Distinction
• Amines - Basicity

Diazonium compounds

Benzene diazonium chloride

• Benzene diazonium chloride - Preparation - From aniline
• Benzene diazonium chloride - Properties - Physical
• Benzene diazonium chloride - Reactions
• Benzene diazonium chloride - Uses

Nitro compounds

Nitro compounds - General

• Nitro compounds - IUPAC nomenclature
• Nitro compounds - Properties - Physical
• Nitro compounds - Uses

Nitroethane

• Nitroethane - Preparation - From alkyl halides
• Nitroethane - Preparation - By nitration
• Nitroethane - Reaction - Catalytic reduction
• Nitroethane - Reaction - Reduction - With metal hydrides
• Nitroethane - Reaction - Reduction - Neutral medium
• Nitroethane - Reaction - Reduction - Acidic medium
• Nitroethane - Reaction - Hydrolysis reaction
• Nitroethane - Reaction - With nitrous acid
• Nitroethane - Reaction - Halogenation

Nitrobenzene

• Nitrobenzene - Preparation - By nitration
• Nitrobenzene - Reactions - Catalytic reduction
• Nitrobenzene - Reactions - Reduction - With metal hydrides
• Nitrobenzene - Reactions - Reduction - Neutral medium
• Nitrobenzene - Reactions - Reduction - Acidic medium
• Nitrobenzene - Reactions - Reduction - Alkaline medium
• Nitrobenzene - Reactions - Electrolytic reduction
• Nitrobenzene - Reactions - Selective reduction
• Nitrobenzene - Reactions - Ring substitution reactions
• Nitroalkanes and alkyl nitrites - Distinction
• Nitrobenzene - Uses

Cyanides and isocyanides

Ethyl Cyanide

• Ethyl cyanide - Preparation - From alkyl halides
• Ethyl cyanide - Preparation - From acid amides
• Ethyl cyanide - Preparation - From aldoximes
• Ethyl cyanide - Reactions - Hydrolysis reaction
• Ethyl cyanide - Reactions - Reduction reactions
• Ethyl cyanide - Reactions - With Grignard reagents
• Ethyl cyanide - Uses

Ethyl Isocyanide

• Ethyl isocyanide - Preparation - From alkyl halides
• Ethyl isocyanide - Preparation - From amines
• Ethyl isocyanide - Reaction - Hydrolysis reaction
• Ethyl isocyanide - Reaction - Reduction reactions
• Ethyl isocyanide - Reaction - Addition reactions
• Ethyl isocyanide - Isomerism
• Ethyl isocyanide - Uses

Ethyl cyanide and ethyl isocyanide - Comparison

• Ethyl cyanide and ethyl isocyanide - Distinction